Chinese scholars put forward the concept of "bio-sterilization" to declare war on super bacteria
People's vision
Not long ago, the World Health Organization published the "Top 12" list of the world's most resistant and most threatening human health "super bacteria". The bacteria on the "list" were considered by the World Health Organization to urgently develop new antibiotics. response. This is the first time the World Health Organization has released a similar list, which means it has sounded a “super bacteria†alert.
The terrible thing about "super bacteria" is not its lethality to humans, but its resistance to antibiotics.
Among the 12 key resistant bacteria that the World Health Organization considers urgently needed to develop new antibiotics, the antibiotics of Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae are the first cohort. It is the highest in the need for new antibiotics, followed by vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Professor Huang Qingshan from the School of Life Sciences of Fudan University said that the so-called "super bacteria" refers to bacteria that are resistant to almost all antibiotics. The horrible thing about this disease is not its lethality to humans. It is resistant to the common bactericidal drug, antibiotics. Bacteria are a type of microorganism, and microbes are all tiny organisms that are difficult for the individual to observe with the naked eye, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and some small protozoa, microalgae, and the like. The data shows that there are about 40,000 species of bacteria, and there are currently 4,760 species known. They are small, diverse, and closely related to human beings. They are widely involved in many fields such as food, medicine, industry and agriculture, and environmental protection. Some are beneficial to humans and some are harmful to humans.
According to the World Health Organization, about 700,000 people die of antibiotic resistance worldwide each year. The UK Antimicrobial Drug Evaluation Committee estimates that by 2050, 10 million people worldwide will suffer from antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic use rate of hospitalized patients in China is far higher than the international level of 30%, which deserves vigilance and attention.
The statistics of the China Animal Health Products Association also show that there are more than 70 types of veterinary antimicrobial drugs approved in China. The international authoritative magazine described this situation with the famous “two halvesâ€: in 2013, the amount of antibiotics used in China reached 162,000 tons, accounting for about half of the world's consumption, and half of them were used for veterinary use.
According to experts from the World Health Organization, this list is not intended to scare people with “super bacteriaâ€, but to remind researchers and pharmaceutical companies what they should do first. The World Health Organization has also been working hard to make this happen: the theme of World Health Day 2011 is “Controlling bacterial resistance, no action is taken today, no medicine will be available tomorrowâ€; in 2015, a global action plan for antibiotic resistance was introduced. All member states implement a national action plan by May 2017.
In September 2016, the G20 Hangzhou Summit communiqué promised to “promote the use of antibioticsâ€. The topic of antibiotic resistance has risen to an international level and has become a worldwide issue. In the same month, 193 member states attending the UN General Assembly signed a declaration pledging to strengthen the regulation of antibiotics.
When humans use antibiotics, bacteria can resolve the crisis in four ways and become more tenacious.
From Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1929 to the large-scale use of penicillin in 1942, the emergence of antibiotics helped humans solve many problems. As a guardian of human health, it saved countless lives. Nowadays, with the emergence of “super bacteriaâ€, the lineup of resistant bacteria has become more and more neat and powerful. Countries around the world are also realizing that the abuse of antibiotics and the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria are becoming a serious crisis facing the world.
"Drug-resistant bacteria are extremely smart and tenacious." Huang Qingshan said that when humans use antibiotics, bacteria usually use four ways to subtly resolve the crisis in order to survive and become more tenacious. The first is the antibiotic efflux pump mechanism, in which bacteria drive antibiotics out as an enemy; the second is the antibiotic degrading enzyme mechanism, in which bacteria produce antibiotics through their own degrading enzymes (antibiotics). Degradation; the third is the antibiotic modification enzyme mechanism, which is an assimilation method when antibiotics cannot be degraded, so that antibiotics are not threatening to bacteria; the fourth is Self-rescue mechanism, when antibiotics block the vitality of bacteria, bacteria can open up new routes wisely, avoiding the antibiotic's edge and reopening their life channels. Therefore, after a new antibiotic is marketed, new resistant bacteria will often appear in less than two years, and the bacteria will be stimulated to obtain stronger vitality, making treatment more difficult.
Faced with the rampant attack of drug-resistant bacteria, humans seek means from science. In 1964, a lysostaphin enzyme was first discovered in the world. The enzyme directly cleaves the cell wall of the bacteria. The mechanism of action is different from that of traditional antibiotics, which can kill bacteria quickly and are effective against both stationary and reproductive bacteria. In the early 1990s, Huang Qingshan and the Standing Committee Member of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association disinfection branch, Professor Lu Yuying, led the research team to take the lead in proposing a new concept of "biocidal sterilization" at home and abroad, that is, replacing some antibiotics with antibiotics or antibacterial peptides. Chemical disinfectant.
Excitingly, the research team successfully rescued a postoperative “superbug†infected patient in the initial stage of bio-enzyme preparation.
Countries around the world are actively publishing national action plans against drug-resistant bacteria, and China has been actively taking action.
Countries around the world are actively publishing national action plans against drug-resistant bacteria, and China has been actively acting. In August 2015, the Health and Family Planning Commission revised and published the Guiding Principles for Clinical Application of Antimicrobial Drugs (2015 Edition); in August 2016, 14 ministries and commissions jointly issued the National Action Plan for Combating Bacterial Resistance (2016-2020); In February of this year, the Ministry of Agriculture developed the 2017 Animal Bacterial Resistance Surveillance Program.
In the scientific community, the research report on the disorder and prevention and control strategies of drug-resistant pathogens and flora in China, led by Professor Xia Zhaofan, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, pointed out that the distribution of drug-resistant bacteria and drug-resistant genes should be investigated in basic research. Regular factors, production and dissemination of key factors; development of new antibacterial drugs in applied research, such as bio-based antibacterial drugs, traditional Chinese medicine antibacterial drugs; implementation of antibacterial drug grading management; strengthening the long-term mechanism of veterinary antibacterial drugs and veterinary feed supervision.
However, in the past 10 years, the research and development of new antibacterial drugs at home and abroad has entered a bottleneck state, and the new drugs are listed on the market, which is in sharp contrast with the rapid rise of clinical bacterial resistance, thus causing the dilemma of drug-resistant bacteria infection. At present, many governments, enterprises and researchers are paying more and more attention to the research of antibacterial and drug-resistant bacteria, focusing on the development of a new sterilization mechanism that can be efficiently sterilized, safe and non-irritating, resistant to drug resistance, easy to decompose without residue, and environmentally friendly. New antibacterial preparations.
The team of Lu Yuying and Huang Qingshan discovered that the anti-S. aureus activity of recombinant lysostaphin is better than the current antibiotics. The newly discovered phage lyase AB09 and GK antibacterial peptides also hope to overcome the WHO. The top 3 of the “12 strong†resistant bacteria were announced.
At present, farms have become an important source of drug-resistant bacteria, and animals have become important reservoirs for drug-resistant bacteria and drug-resistant genes (more than 60% of human pathogens are derived from animals). The innovative team led by Wang Jianhua, a researcher at the Feed Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, successfully created a new antibiotic (antibiotic) alternative, a new antibacterial and anti-endotoxin double-effect peptide, which has high safety and antibacterial properties, and has a good clinical development of new drugs. Advantage.
Academician Xia Zhaofan believes that the continuous development of new antibacterial drugs for sterilization mechanisms, the suppression of bacterial resistance, and the rational use of traditional antibiotics (antibiotics) are the goals of human efforts. It is believed that through the efforts of researchers all over the world and the active promotion of governments, we will eventually use technology to overcome "super bacteria."
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