In the past two decades, the development of immunological analysis methods has advanced by leaps and bounds, especially after the use of labeled antigen and antibody analysis techniques, so that many of the original classic analysis methods can not be compared in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Following the immunofluorescence (IFA) in the 1950s and the radioimmunoassay (RIA) in the 1960s, an analytical technique for labeling antigens or antibodies with enzymes was established in the early 1970s. Due to the high-efficiency biocatalysis of enzymes, an enzyme molecule can catalyze the reaction of dozens or hundreds of substrate molecules in a few minutes, resulting in an amplification effect, so that the original minimal antigen or antibody can be recognized in a few minutes This technique is called Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Since this method was reported by VAN WEEMEN, SCHUARS.ENGVALL and PERLMARN successively in the early 1970s, it has attracted widespread attention. ELISA is a new technology in immunodiagnosis. It has been successfully applied to immunodiagnosis of infectious diseases, parasitic diseases and non-infectious diseases caused by various pathogenic microorganisms. It has also been applied to the quantitative determination of large-molecule antigens and small-molecule antigens. Based on the results used, the ELISA method is considered to be sensitive, specific, simple, fast, stable, and easy to operate automatically. Not only suitable for the examination of clinical specimens, but also because it can examine hundreds or even thousands of specimens within a day, so it is also suitable for serological epidemiological investigations. This method can be used not only to measure antibodies, but also to measure circulating antigens in body fluids, so it is also a good method for early diagnosis. Therefore, the application scope of the ELISA method in various fields of biomedicine is expanding, which can be summarized in four aspects: 1. Immunoenzyme staining the positioning of various intracellular components. 2. Study the synthesis of anti-enzyme antibodies. 3. A trace of immunoprecipitation reaction appears. 4. Quantitative detection of antigen or antibody components in body fluids. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is widely used in various fields of life sciences due to its high sensitivity (up to ng or even pg level), good specificity and other advantages. It has stepped into the fields of medicine and clinical medicine and entered agriculture, fishery and animal husbandry Industry and food processing industry.
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